In the field of biotechnology and biomedical research, the flow cytometer has established itself as an essential tool. It allows detailed analysis of cells and particles in suspension. This technique...
In recent years, exosomes have shown enormous potential in therapeutic applications, such as targeted drug delivery and tissue regeneration. However, one of the biggest challenges for their large-scale...
In the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the immune response after vaccination is crucial for optimizing preventive strategies and improving public health. A recent study, published...
Chronic inflammation is a biological process that plays a central role in a variety of diseases, from autoimmune disorders to cardiovascular pathologies. However, understanding its mechanisms remains...
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are a group of structurally related glycoproteins that play a crucial role in the immune system. Produced primarily by B-lymphocytes, antibodies have the ability...
The humoral immune response, led by B cells and antibody production, is vital for defending the body against pathogens. Cell Activation and Antibody Production in the Humoral Immune Response begins...
The Role of Antibodies in Cancer Defense: Protection or Imitation? The immune system’s role in cancer defense is both promising and complex. While tumors express antigens that the immune system can...
Cell-mediated immunity represents an adaptive immune response that microbes inside host cells trigger. T lymphocytes mediate it, and unlike humoral immunity, only T cells, not antibodies, can transfer...
T cell responses are a cornerstone of the immune system’s ability to defend against pathogens. These responses are initiated when T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize peptide-MHC complexes on the...
Exosomes have emerged as a promising field in biomedical research due to their ability to act as vehicles for intercellular communication. These tiny extracellular vesicles, which transport proteins,...