The lumbar puncture (LP) has been a staple in clinical practice since 1895, primarily performed in emergency departments (ED) for diagnosing conditions like subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and meningitis....

Basophils were found in human peripheral blood by Paul Ehrlich 140 years ago. These kinds of cells represent <1% of the peripheral blood leukocytes and they have also been identified in other species,...

There are two main mechanisms of immunity within the adaptive immune system – humoral b lymphocytes cell mediated immunity and cellular (t lymphocytes cell mediated immunity). Humoral immunity and cell-mediated...

Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death that occurs during embryonic development as well as maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The appearance of non-regulated apoptosis involves the possibility...

Flow cytometry (FMC) is a multi-parametric cellular analysis technique that, using fluorochrome- labelled antibodies, allows the simultaneous measurement of multiple physical characteristics of a cell. Flow...

Long-term protective immune responses to viral infections or vaccines result from the combined actions of B lymphocytes (responsible for humoral antibody immunity) and T lymphocytes (responsible for...